Semen Analysis
About This Test
A semen analysis is the first and most important test for male fertility. It examines a semen sample for volume, sperm concentration (count), motility (movement), morphology (shape), pH and liquefaction, and sometimes sperm vitality and white cells. Male factors contribute to about half of all cases of couples' infertility, so the test is recommended for both partners early in the evaluation.
Key results include sperm concentration, total motility and progressive motility, which matter most for natural conception, and morphology, where normal forms are usually a small share. Low counts are called oligozoospermia, poor motility asthenozoospermia, abnormal shape teratozoospermia, and absence of sperm azoospermia. Because sperm quality varies from day to day, an abnormal result is repeated after two to three months, and the lab interprets values using the WHO reference limits.
Causes of abnormal results include varicocele, infections, hormonal problems, smoking, alcohol, obesity, heat exposure, certain medicines, stress and genetic conditions. Many causes are treatable.
When Should You Get This Test
A semen analysis is commonly advised for:
- Couples trying to conceive without success for 12 months (or 6 months if the woman is over 35).
- Before fertility treatment such as IUI or IVF.
- Confirming success of vasectomy.
- History of testicular injury, mumps or surgery.
- Suspected varicocele or hormonal problems.
Conditions This Test Can Detect
The test helps to evaluate:
- Low sperm count, poor motility or abnormal shape.
- Absence of sperm (azoospermia).
- Infection or inflammation (white cells).
- Success of vasectomy.
How to Prepare
- Abstain from ejaculation for 2–7 days (ideally 2–5).
- Collect by masturbation into the sterile container supplied; do not use ordinary condoms or lubricants.
- Deliver the sample to the lab within 30–60 minutes, kept at body temperature.
- Avoid alcohol and recent fever before the test, and tell the lab about any spilled portion.
Normal Reference Ranges
| Parameter | WHO 2021 lower reference limit (approx.) |
|---|---|
| Volume | 1.4 mL |
| Sperm concentration | 16 million/mL |
| Total motility | 42% |
| Progressive motility | 30% |
| Normal morphology | 4% |
These are approximate lower limits, not guarantees of fertility or infertility.
Further reading: MedlinePlus – Lab tests, Mayo Clinic – Tests & procedures, Cleveland Clinic – Diagnostics, Lab Tests Online. Values are approximate and may vary by laboratory; this page is general information, not medical advice.
Frequently Asked Questions
How many days of abstinence are needed?
Usually 2–5 days.
Can lifestyle improve sperm quality?
Quitting smoking, limiting alcohol, losing weight, avoiding heat and managing stress can help.
Why repeat an abnormal test?
Sperm quality varies, so doctors confirm before diagnosing.
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